This gene encodes an important factor in the complemant cascade. Mutations account for atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and age-related macula degeneration.
Reliable epidemiological data are not available. Mutations seems to occur in all races.
The gene HF1, otherwise known as bata-1H, spans about 96 kb. 4 structurally and immunologically related proteins (FHR1-4) are located in vicinity on the same chromosome. The gene consists of 22 exons.
Mutations in this gene have been found in several but not all families with hereditary hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). In contrary, mutations of this gene have been associated with other diseases such as renal involvement in lupus erythematosus, type 2 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and collagen III glomerulopathy.<br>Age-related macular degeneration is related to polymorphisms I62V and Y402H.
The translation product is a serum glycoprotein secreted predominantly by the liver. The protein contains 1309 amino acids and has a size of 150 kD. The protein is composed of 20 repetitive units of 60 amino acids called short consensus repeats (SCR). Its tertiary structure has the form of the Greek letter a. The protein binds to polyanionic cell surfaces and to C3b. Its physiological role is inhibition of alternative pathway complement activation by facilitating C3b inactivation. Low plasma levels of protein H are associated with low plasma levels of C3. This results from uncontrolled activation of complement along the alternative pathway that consequently leads to C3 consumption.
Family history of HUS, recurrent HUS, and low plasma levels of HF1 may be indications for molecular genetic investigation. Additionally the molecular diagnostic might be considered in families with type 2 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and collagen III glomerulopathy.
Especially mutations in exons 18-20 seems to contribute to protein dysfunction. Patients with confirmed mutation have a poor outcome after renal transplantation. The disease recurs in 50-90% of cases and graft loss follows in 80-90% of recurrences. A combined kidney and liver transplantations seems to have a much better outcome. These patients are also candidates for recombinant HF1 supplementation in the future.
Clinic | Method | Carrier testing |
Turnaround | 5 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
Clinic | Method | Massive parallel sequencing |
Turnaround | 25 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
Clinic | Method | Genomic sequencing of the entire coding region |
Turnaround | 20 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
Clinic | Method | Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification |
Turnaround | 20 days | |
Specimen type | genomic DNA |
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1. |
Seddon JM et al. (2006) CFH gene variant, Y402H, and smoking, body mass index, environmental associations with advanced age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
2. |
Coffey PJ et al. (2007) Complement factor H deficiency in aged mice causes retinal abnormalities and visual dysfunction. ![]() |
3. |
Kunert A et al. (2007) Immune evasion of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa: elongation factor Tuf is a factor H and plasminogen binding protein. ![]() |
4. |
Stark K et al. (2007) The common Y402H variant in complement factor H gene is not associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction and its related risk factors. ![]() |
5. |
Wegscheider BJ et al. (2007) Association of complement factor H Y402H gene polymorphism with different subtypes of exudative age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
6. |
Nicaud V et al. (2007) Lack of association between complement factor H polymorphisms and coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction. ![]() |
7. |
Scott WK et al. (2007) Independent effects of complement factor H Y402H polymorphism and cigarette smoking on risk of age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
8. |
Grassi MA et al. (2007) Complement factor H polymorphism p.Tyr402His and cuticular Drusen. ![]() |
9. |
Tedeschi-Blok N et al. (2007) Population-based study of early age-related macular degeneration: role of the complement factor H Y402H polymorphism in bilateral but not unilateral disease. ![]() |
10. |
Johnson PT et al. (2006) Individuals homozygous for the age-related macular degeneration risk-conferring variant of complement factor H have elevated levels of CRP in the choroid. ![]() |
11. |
Li M et al. (2006) CFH haplotypes without the Y402H coding variant show strong association with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
12. |
Boon CJ et al. (2008) Basal laminar drusen caused by compound heterozygous variants in the CFH gene. ![]() |
13. |
Clark SJ et al. (2006) His-384 allotypic variant of factor H associated with age-related macular degeneration has different heparin binding properties from the non-disease-associated form. ![]() |
14. |
Gotoh N et al. (2006) No association between complement factor H gene polymorphism and exudative age-related macular degeneration in Japanese. ![]() |
15. |
Kardys I et al. (2006) A common polymorphism in the complement factor H gene is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. ![]() |
17. |
Zareparsi S et al. (2005) Strong association of the Y402H variant in complement factor H at 1q32 with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
18. |
Hageman GS et al. (2005) A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
19. |
Klein RJ et al. (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
20. |
Edwards AO et al. (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
21. |
Haines JL et al. (2005) Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
22. |
Kömpf J et al. (1989) Linkage analyses of human peptidase C (PEPC), human factor H (HF), and coagulation factor XIIIB (F13B). ![]() |
23. |
Ohali M et al. (1998) Hypocomplementemic autosomal recessive hemolytic uremic syndrome with decreased factor H. ![]() |
24. |
Edelsten AD et al. (1978) Familial haemolytic uraemic syndrome. ![]() |
25. |
Rodríguez de Córdoba S et al. (1984) Genetic polymorphism of human factor H (beta 1H). ![]() |
26. |
Kömpf J et al. (1988) Human factor H (beta 1H-globulin): linkage analysis. ![]() |
27. |
Ripoche J et al. (1988) The complete amino acid sequence of human complement factor H. ![]() |
28. |
Day AJ et al. (1988) Sequence polymorphism of human complement factor H. ![]() |
29. |
Rodriguez de Cordoba S et al. (1987) New alleles of C4-binding protein and factor H and further linkage data in the regulator of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster in man. ![]() |
30. |
Kristensen T et al. (1986) Structural analysis of human complement protein H: homology with C4b binding protein, beta 2-glycoprotein I, and the Ba fragment of B2. ![]() |
31. |
Misasi R et al. (1989) Human complement factor H: an additional gene product of 43 kDa isolated from human plasma shows cofactor activity for the cleavage of the third component of complement. ![]() |
32. |
Rodriguez de Cordoba S et al. (1985) Human genes for three complement components that regulate the activation of C3 are tightly linked. ![]() |
33. |
Schwaeble W et al. (1987) Human complement factor H: expression of an additional truncated gene product of 43 kDa in human liver. ![]() |
34. |
Rey-Campos J et al. (1990) Physical linkage of the human genes coding for complement factor H and coagulation factor XIII B subunit. ![]() |
35. |
Nakamura S et al. (1990) Genetic polymorphism of human factor H (beta 1H globulin). ![]() |
36. |
Schneider MC et al. (2009) Neisseria meningitidis recruits factor H using protein mimicry of host carbohydrates. ![]() |
37. |
Lukiw WJ et al. (2008) An NF-kappaB-sensitive micro RNA-146a-mediated inflammatory circuit in Alzheimer disease and in stressed human brain cells. ![]() |
38. |
Schwaeble W et al. (1991) Human complement factor H. Tissue specificity in the expression of three different mRNA species. ![]() |
39. |
Ståhl AL et al. (2008) Factor H dysfunction in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome contributes to complement deposition on platelets and their activation. ![]() |
40. |
Estaller C et al. (1991) Human complement factor H: two factor H proteins are derived from alternatively spliced transcripts. ![]() |
41. |
Hocking HG et al. (2008) Structure of the N-terminal region of complement factor H and conformational implications of disease-linked sequence variations. ![]() |
42. |
Vogt BA et al. (1995) Inherited factor H deficiency and collagen type III glomerulopathy. ![]() |
43. |
Licht C et al. (2006) Deletion of Lys224 in regulatory domain 4 of Factor H reveals a novel pathomechanism for dense deposit disease (MPGN II). ![]() |
46. |
Hegasy GA et al. (2002) The molecular basis for hereditary porcine membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II: point mutations in the factor H coding sequence block protein secretion. ![]() |
47. |
Pickering MC et al. (2002) Uncontrolled C3 activation causes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in mice deficient in complement factor H. ![]() |
48. |
None (2000) Factor H and the pathogenesis of renal diseases. ![]() |
49. |
Sánchez-Corral P et al. (2000) Molecular basis for factor H and FHL-1 deficiency in an Italian family. ![]() |
50. |
Ault BH et al. (1997) Human factor H deficiency. Mutations in framework cysteine residues and block in H protein secretion and intracellular catabolism. ![]() |
51. |
Høgåsen K et al. (1995) Hereditary porcine membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II is caused by factor H deficiency. ![]() |
53. |
Brai M et al. (1988) Combined homozygous factor H and heterozygous C2 deficiency in an Italian family. ![]() |
54. |
Levy M et al. (1986) H deficiency in two brothers with atypical dense intramembranous deposit disease. ![]() |
55. |
Caprioli J et al. (2006) Genetics of HUS: the impact of MCP, CFH, and IF mutations on clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome. ![]() |
56. |
Warwicker P et al. (1998) Genetic studies into inherited and sporadic hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
57. |
Pickering MC et al. (2006) Prevention of C5 activation ameliorates spontaneous and experimental glomerulonephritis in factor H-deficient mice. ![]() |
58. |
Rey-Campos J et al. (1988) A physical map of the human regulator of complement activation gene cluster linking the complement genes CR1, CR2, DAF, and C4BP. ![]() |
59. |
Nürnberger J et al. (2009) Eculizumab for atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. ![]() |
60. |
Weis JH et al. (1987) A complement receptor locus: genes encoding C3b/C4b receptor and C3d/Epstein-Barr virus receptor map to 1q32. ![]() |
61. |
Hing S et al. (1988) Assignment of complement components C4 binding protein (C4BP) and factor H (FH) to human chromosome 1q, using cDNA probes. ![]() |
62. |
Saunders RE et al. (2006) An interactive web database of factor H-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome mutations: insights into the structural consequences of disease-associated mutations. ![]() |
63. |
Józsi M et al. (2005) FHR-4A: a new factor H-related protein is encoded by the human FHR-4 gene. ![]() |
64. |
Zipfel PF et al. (2003) Genetic screening in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. ![]() |
65. |
Neumann HP et al. (2003) Haemolytic uraemic syndrome and mutations of the factor H gene: a registry-based study of German speaking countries. ![]() |
66. |
Manuelian T et al. (2003) Mutations in factor H reduce binding affinity to C3b and heparin and surface attachment to endothelial cells in hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
67. |
Sánchez-Corral P et al. (2002) Structural and functional characterization of factor H mutations associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
68. |
None (2002) Cutting edge: localization of the host recognition functions of complement factor H at the carboxyl-terminal: implications for hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
69. |
Fletcher JC et al. (1997) Refusal of employment or insurance. ![]() |
70. |
Richards A et al. (2001) Factor H mutations in hemolytic uremic syndrome cluster in exons 18-20, a domain important for host cell recognition. ![]() |
71. |
Pérez-Caballero D et al. (2001) Clustering of missense mutations in the C-terminal region of factor H in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
72. |
Buddles MR et al. (2000) Complement factor H gene mutation associated with autosomal recessive atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
73. |
Ying L et al. (1999) Complement factor H gene mutation associated with autosomal recessive atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
74. |
Zipfel PF et al. (1999) The factor H protein family. ![]() |
75. |
Díaz-Guillén MA et al. (1999) A radiation hybrid map of complement factor H and factor H-related genes. ![]() |
76. |
Schmidt BZ et al. (1999) Disruption of disulfide bonds is responsible for impaired secretion in human complement factor H deficiency. ![]() |
77. |
Bergeron-Sawitzke J et al. (2009) Multilocus analysis of age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
78. |
Maller J et al. (2006) Common variation in three genes, including a noncoding variant in CFH, strongly influences risk of age-related macular degeneration. ![]() |
79. |
Noris M et al. (2010) Thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplantation. ![]() |
80. |
Rougier N et al. (1998) Human complement factor H deficiency associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. ![]() |
81. |
Servais A et al. (2007) Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: a new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. ![]() |
82. |
NCBI article NCBI 3075![]() |
83. |
OMIM.ORG article Omim 134370![]() |
84. |
Orphanet article Orphanet ID 119363![]() |
85. |
Wikipedia article Wikipedia EN (Factor_H)![]() |